Ceramic or polymeric membranes for industrial water: selection criteria
Compare chemical and thermal compatibility, cleaning, hydraulics and lifecycle cost without claiming universal superiority.
Read articleArticles and guides
Industrial water treatment articles
Information on nanobubbles, ultrafiltration, ceramic membranes, reverse osmosis and water recovery.
View articlesCeramic membranes
Can ceramic membranes treat warm industrial wastewater without cooling?
When hot-stream ceramic filtration makes sense and which whole-system limits must be checked.
Read articleCeramic membranes and extreme pH: what to validate before aggressive CIP
Check chemical compatibility and cleaning performance for the complete ceramic module.
Read articleWhen should ceramic nanofiltration be tested for high-COD dairy wastewater?
Separate particulate and soluble COD, select a ceramic barrier and define trials for dairy effluent.
Read articleMWCO versus pore size: specifying a ceramic membrane
Distinguish nominal molecular cut-off, pore size and actual rejection when selecting ceramic MF, UF or NF.
Read articleFree and emulsified oil: preparing a ceramic membrane trial
Sampling, emulsifiers, permeate analysis, oil balances and recovery after CIP when testing ceramic membranes on real oily water.
Read articleHigh-solids ultrafiltration
Why dead-end UF becomes harder as suspended solids rise
Cake build-up, backwashing and net output in dead-end UF of loaded water, with criteria for comparing pretreatment and crossflow.
Read articleCrossflow or dead-end UF for high-solids water: how to choose
Compare solids accumulation, recirculation, energy and cleaning when treating high-load streams by ultrafiltration.
Read articleCan high-solids digestate be treated by ultrafiltration?
Feasibility checks for digestate UF: fibres, oils, viscosity, net flux, permeate quality and concentrate handling.
Read articleWhen does UF reduce the duty before wastewater evaporation?
Mass-balance criteria for solids preconcentration before evaporation, without a universal thermal-savings claim.
Read articleMass balance: how pre-concentration changes evaporator feed
Equations and data for estimating evaporator feed after UF, separating water removal from energy savings and accounting for both membrane outlets.
Read articlePretreating liquid pig manure before membrane concentration or RO
Characterize and separate pig-slurry solids before membranes while accounting for fouling, dissolved nutrients and every outlet stream.
Read articleFlux, TMP and crossflow velocity: why UF cannot optimise them separately
Evaluate production, fouling and energy in high-load crossflow UF with comparable testing.
Read articleWhen and how to pilot crossflow UF on high-solids wastewater
UF trial protocol for net flux, concentration, cleaning and both outlet destinations before sizing.
Read articleHow do you normalise UF permeability for temperature without reversing the factor?
Reference temperature, formula and an illustrative calculation for comparing ultrafiltration permeability across operating temperatures.
Read articleUF filtrate quality loss: how to distinguish fouling from an integrity breach
A diagnostic sequence combining quality, permeability and integrity testing to distinguish membrane damage from hydraulic fouling.
Read articleNanobubbles
Nanobubbles versus microbubbles: what changes in water treatment?
Size, generation and measurement differences between microbubbles and ultrafine bubbles, and how to assess their actual process effect.
Read articleNanobubbles and ozone: how to assess transfer and off-gas
Compare ozone contactors using a gas balance, water demand, off-gas, energy and by-products without assuming a universal improvement.
Read articleGas fraction, pressure and flow in nanobubble generation
Plan nanobubble generation trials across gas, water and pressure settings without mistaking bubble counts for process performance.
Read articleNanobubbles for membrane fouling control and backwash support
Potential roles of nanobubbles in filtration and backwash, and a practical way to measure recovery without overextending experimental results.
Read articleDAF recycle and air/solids checks before changing chemicals
Check released air, solids loading and recycle hydraulics before attributing poor dissolved air flotation to chemical dose.
Read articleAir or oxygen in a side stream: comparing gas and energy
Compare air and oxygen using transferred O₂ mass, declared gas reference conditions, total power and the same water-treatment duty.
Read articleFrom dissolved oxygen to kg O₂/h: an aeration balance
Distinguish DO concentration, inventory, biological demand and oxygen transfer when evaluating additional aeration capacity.
Read articleNanobubbles and processes
Nanobubbles in DAF: how to test coagulant and polymer dose
Controlled comparison of separation, chemicals, sludge and energy when adding nanobubbles before a DAF.
Read articleNanobubbles for biological aeration: what to measure on site
Compare real oxygen transfer, reactor control and whole-line energy when assessing a nanobubble loop.
Read articleHow to size a nanobubble generator: selection inputs and limits
Circuit flow, gas, pressure, water and process objective for choosing GENESIS™ without confusing device flow with total plant flow.
Read articleReverse osmosis
Reverse osmosis on warm wastewater: what changes in design?
Temperature, flux, salt passage, materials and heat balance when treating warm industrial water with RO.
Read articleTreated wastewater for cooling towers: when is RO needed?
Makeup and blowdown balance, cycle chemistry and treatment choice for industrial cooling-water reuse.
Read articleHow to plan industrial RO concentrate management from the start
Balance, characterisation and management routes for reverse-osmosis reject in industrial reuse.
Read articleHow do you calculate an RO permeate and treated-water blend for cooling tower makeup?
Species balances, blend proportion and RO flows in an illustrative cooling-tower makeup calculation.
Read articleCooling tower blowdown recovery: when silica becomes limiting
A silica balance for RO treatment of cooling tower blowdown, covering recovery, pretreatment, reusable water quality and concentrate outlets.
Read articleReverse osmosis and reuse
Can reverse osmosis treat wastewater with high COD?
Why COD alone does not set an RO feed limit and how to assess pretreatment, fouling, recovery and concentrate.
Read articleDairy wastewater reuse: how to combine UF, NF and RO
Separate product recovery from effluent treatment and choose membrane stages by fats, proteins, salts and final water use.
Read articleWater engineering
TSS, total solids, COD and TDS: what each tells a membrane designer
Interpret TSS, TS, total and soluble COD and TDS without confusing solids retention with salt removal.
Read articleHow to close a mass balance for an industrial membrane system
Feed, permeate and concentrate flow and component balances, with a worked illustrative example and stated assumptions.
Read articleCAPEX or OPEX: how to compare membrane pretreatment options
A whole-cost framework for selecting equalisation, clarification and other barriers before UF or RO.
Read articleWastewater evaporation economics: what to calculate before preconcentration
Water balance, energy, capital and residues when assessing a membrane stage before an evaporator.
Read articleWhat data does a membrane supplier need to assess industrial wastewater?
Flow, analysis, variability and treatment targets needed for an initial UF, ceramic or reverse-osmosis assessment.
Read articleWhy are SDI, turbidity and TSS not interchangeable before reverse osmosis?
Interpret inconsistent signals, define sampling points and specify RO pretreatment without converting turbidity into TSS or SDI.
Read articleHow can you test which soluble COD and organic carbon pass through ultrafiltration?
A test plan to distinguish physical retention, dissolved carbon and biodegradability before selecting treatment to complement UF.
Read articleYour next step
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